tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46603093542481308172024-02-20T00:49:21.272-08:00Higgs deeltjeMuurpapierhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12691061148280353285noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4660309354248130817.post-22452487676643816052012-01-12T20:25:00.000-08:002012-01-13T14:18:23.866-08:00Literatuuropdracht: Het Higgs deeltje<br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">1.Inleiding</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Men is al 50 jaar na de oorspronkelijke theorie opzoek naar
het ongrijpbare Higgs deeltje. Maar door de nieuwste technologieën en beste
wetenschappers zijn we er nu dichter dan ooit bij. Het bestaan van dit deeltje
zal vele theorieën maken of breken. Of dit deeltje bestaat of niet het zal ons
een nieuw inzicht geven over hoe het universum in elkaar zit.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">2.Het standaardmodel</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">2.1.Inleiding</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">In de jaren 40 werden er vele nieuwe elementaire deeltjes ontdekt.
De deeltjes werden namen gegeven zoals γ,…<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>maar door de grote hoeveelheid van deeltjes waren er niet genoeg
symbolen om elk deeltje te benoemen. Daarom werden de deeltjes in de jaren 60
onderverdeeld in de verschillende eigenschappen die ze bezaten. Het
standaardmodel werd hiervoor gemaakt zodat elk deeltje, uit de elementaire
deeltjes in het standaardmodel opgebouwd kunnen worden.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">2.2.Principe</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Het standaardmodel van de deeltjesfysica is een theorie
waarbij alle krachten en deeltjes die alle materie vormen beschreven worden.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">2.2.1.Materie</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Alle materie bestaat uit 2 types, quarks en leptons. Elk
type bezit 6 deeltjes,die onderverdeeld zijn<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>in generaties. De lichte en stabielste deeltjes behoren tot de eerste
generatie en de zwaarder onstabielere deeltjes tot de 2<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">de</span></sup> en 3<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">de</span></sup>
generatie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Door de onstabiliteit van de 2<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">de</span></sup>
en 3<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">de</span></sup> generatie zullen deze deeltjes snel vervallen tot een van de
1<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">ste</span></sup> generatie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Quarks</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Leptons</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">1<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">ste</span></sup> generatie</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">up</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">down</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">electron - neutrino </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">electron</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">2<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">de</span></sup> generatie</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">charm</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">strange</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">mueon-neutrino</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">muon</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">3<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">de</span></sup> generatie</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">top</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">bottom</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">tau-neutrino</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">tau</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">2.2.2.Krachten</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Er zijn 4 fundamentele krachten in
het universum: de sterke kracht, de zwakke kracht, de elektromagnetische kracht
en de gravitatie. 3 van deze krachten worden uitgewisseld door kracht dragende
deeltjes. Deze kracht dragende deeltjes behoren tot een grote groep van bosons.
Deeltjes wisselen energie met elkaar uit door de uitwisseling van bosons tussen
de deeltjes. Elke kracht heeft ijn eigen corresponderende boson.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Kracht</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">boson</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Sterke kracht</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">gluon</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Elektromagnetische kracht</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">photon</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Zwakke kracht</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">W en Z bosons</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">De 4<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">de</span></sup> kracht gravitatie
behoord niet tot het standaardmodel omdat de gravitatie kracht in de micro
wereld zich anders gedraagt dan in de macro wereld.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Voor de micro wereld word momenteel de “guantum theory”
gebruikt en voor de macro wereld de “general theory of relativity” (Bron 1).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">3.Higgs-boson</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">3.1.Inleiding</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Hoewel het standaard model de beste beschrijving geeft over
de materie en krachten is er een 3<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">de</span></sup> deel van het model dat nog
steeds ontbreekt namelijk het deeltje dat massa geeft aan alle materie. Dit
kracht dragend deeltje genaamd Higgs-boson is nog steeds theoretisch en
wetenschappers over de gehele wereld zijn er naar opzoek(Bron 1).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">3.2.Peter Higgs</span></div>
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</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></span></v:shapetype><v:shape alt="http://physicsworld.com/blog/higgs%20potrait.jpg" id="il_fi" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 188.25pt; margin-left: 220.15pt; margin-top: 0.9pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 282.8pt; z-index: -1;" type="#_x0000_t75"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">
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</v:imagedata></span></v:shape><span style="font-family: Verdana;">De Britse natuurkundige Peter Higgs </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">voorspelde in de jaren 60 het </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">zogenaamde ‘God deeltje’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aan </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">de universiteit van Edinburgh. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">In die tijd was de betekenis van </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">zijn werk niet erkend of begrepen </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">en toonaangevende wetenschappelijk </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">tijdschriften weigerde zelfs een van </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">zijn vroege papers van de </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">baanbrekende theorie. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Het “god particle” dat oorspronkelijk
</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">het “goddamn particle” noemde door </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">zijn ongrijpbaarheid, werd </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">door P. Higgs zijn artikels
bekritiseerd </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">omdat deze bijnaam religieuze mensen
kan beledigen. Het deeltje werd het Higgs deetje genoemd omdat P. Higgs een
grote bijdrage leverde bij de theorie. Peter Higgs zelf is hier niet zo
gelukkig mee aangezien hij niet de enige is die aan de theorie gewerkt heeft.
Zo zal hij het deeltje nooit het Higgs deeltje noemen maar “Het deeltje dat
mijn naam draagt”(Bron 3,4).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">3.3.Principe</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Zoals de kracht dragend deeltjes heeft Het Higgs deeltje
naast een deeltjes karakter ook een veldkarakter. Het onzichtbare energieveld
dat zich uitstrekt doorheen het universum. Volgens de theorie hebben alle
deeltjes bij de oerknal geen massa. Maar een fractie van een seconde na de
oerknal ontstaat het Higgs veld dat massa aan deeltjes geeft,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>niet alle deeltjes zijn onderheven aan het
Higgs veld waardoor er bv. ook deeltjes zijn zonder massa (Bron 5).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">4.Tevatron en LHC</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">4.1.Tevatron</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">De Tevatron was de 2<sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">de</span></sup> meest krachtige
proton-antiproton versneller in de wereld voordat het a afgesloten werd op 29
september 2011. Het kon bundels protonen en antiprotonen versnellen tot
99,999954% van de snelheid van het licht rond een 4 mijl omtrek. De 2 bundels
van protonen botsen in de centra van de twee 5000-ton detectoren. De botsingen
reproduceren de omstandigheden in het vroege heelal en onderzoekt de structuur
van de materie op zeer kleine schaal. (Bron 6)</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Uit de data die de Tevatron verzameld had over het Higgs
deeltje kon besloten worden (julie 2010) dat het Higgs deeltje niet in de
spreiding 158-175 GeV/c² voorkomt.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">4.2.LHC</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">De Large Hadron Collider is een groot wetenschappelijk
instrument in de buurt van Genève. Het is een deeltjes versneller gebruikt door
natuurkundige om de kleinste bekende deeltjes te bestuderen. 2 bundels van
“hadronen” of protonen worden in tegengestelde richting in de cirkelvormige
versneller versneld, na het verkrijgen van energie met elke ronde worden de 2
bundels tegen elkaar gebotst. (Bron 7)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Uit de data die de LHC verzameld had over het Higgs deeltje
kon besloten worden (maart 2010) dat het Higgs deeltje niet in de spreiding
155-190 GeV/c² voorkomt. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span class="hps"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Fysici</span></span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <span class="hps">werken</span> <span class="hps">bij
de Large</span> <span class="hps">Hadron</span> <span class="hps">Collider (</span>LHC)
<span class="hps">hebben op 14 december 2011 aangekondigd</span> dat de <span class="hps">voorlopige</span> <span class="hps">nieuwe resultaten</span> <span class="hps">kunnen wijzen op</span> <span class="hps">het bestaan </span></span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NL;"></span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span class="hps"><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">van het</span></span><span lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> <span class="hps">Higgs</span>
<span class="hps">boson</span>.</span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">6.Literatuurlijst</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Bron 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">European Organization for Nuclear
Research. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A subatomic vent</i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ure, Imagination is more important than knowledge. </span></i>CERN. Gevonden
op 9 december 2011op het internet:
http://user.web.cern.ch/public/en/Science/Science-en.html</span></div>
</td>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 47.95pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Bron 2</span></div>
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<td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) windowtext windowtext rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: 0px 1pt 1pt 0px; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 412.65pt;" valign="top" width="550"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The University of Edinburgh. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">CERN
hints at existence of Higgs boson</i> Gevonden op 18 december 2011op het
internet: http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/all-news/131211-higgs<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Bron 3<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">CERN.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peter Higgs</i>.Gevonden op 18 december 2011op het internet:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kw0iRW2hoC4</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Bron 4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BBC NEWS. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Professor Peter Higgs
of Higgs boson fame</i>. </span>Gevonden op 20 december 2011op het internet: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16224764</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Bron 5<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Theguardian. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What is the Higgs
boson?.</i> </span>Gevonden op 20 december 2011op het internet:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/dec/13/higgs-boson-lhc-explained</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Bron 6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Fermilab.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Accelerator-Fermilab’s Tevatron</i>. Gevonden op 20 december 2011op
het internet:http://www.fnal.gov/pub/science/accelerator/</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Bron 7<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">European Organization for nuclear Research. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The large hadron collider</i> Gevonden op
20 december 2011op het internet: http://user.web.cern.ch/public/en/LHC/LHC-en.html</span></div>
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<br /></div>Muurpapierhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12691061148280353285noreply@blogger.com0